{"id":11129,"date":"2018-12-02T15:08:12","date_gmt":"2018-12-02T14:08:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/plantenplagen\/birch\/"},"modified":"2023-06-24T12:21:36","modified_gmt":"2023-06-24T10:21:36","slug":"birch","status":"publish","type":"encyclopedia","link":"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/birch\/","title":{"rendered":"Birch"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\" id=\"wpb-content-root\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column width=&rdquo;2\/3&Prime;][vc_column_text el_id=&rdquo;topentry&rdquo; el_class=&rdquo;topentry&rdquo;]Birch is a tree in the birch family. Birches are hardy and can be found anywhere in the Northern Hemisphere.<br>\n<!--more-->[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&rdquo;1\/3&Prime;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row content_placement=&rdquo;middle&rdquo; css=&rdquo;.vc_custom_1627123481876{padding-top: 0px !important;padding-right: 5px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;padding-left: 5px !important;background-color: #ccffff !important;border-radius: 20px !important;}&rdquo; el_id=&rdquo;mobile&rdquo;][vc_column offset=&rdquo;vc_hidden-lg vc_hidden-md vc_hidden-sm&rdquo;][vc_column_text css=&rdquo;.vc_custom_1627123409680{padding: 0px !important;border: 0px initial !important;}&rdquo; el_id=&rdquo;mobiel&rdquo;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000099;\">You are viewing the mobile-adapted version of the page.<\/span><br>\n<span style=\"color: #000099;\">The one for tablets, laptop and desktop also provides general information, such as origin, toxicity and cultivation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=&rdquo;35&Prime; css=&rdquo;.vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}&rdquo;][vc_column width=&rdquo;1\/2&Prime; offset=&rdquo;vc_hidden-xs&rdquo;][vc_single_image image=&rdquo;3121&Prime; img_size=&rdquo;medium&rdquo; add_caption=&rdquo;yes&rdquo; style=&rdquo;vc_box_rounded&rdquo; onclick=&rdquo;img_link_large&rdquo;][vc_column_text el_id=&rdquo;entrytxt&rdquo; el_class=&rdquo;entrytxt&rdquo; css=&rdquo;.vc_custom_1545141111442{padding-left: 10px !important;}&rdquo;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Leaf and sap of the birch is not poisonous.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&rdquo;1\/2&Prime; css=&rdquo;.vc_custom_1627142196238{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}&rdquo; offset=&rdquo;vc_hidden-xs&rdquo;][vc_column_text el_id=&rdquo;topentry&rdquo; el_class=&rdquo;topentry&rdquo;]<strong>Birch<\/strong> <em>(Betula)<\/em> is a tree in the birch family <em>(Betulaceae)<\/em>. Birches are hardy and can be found anywhere in the Northern Hemisphere.<br>\nIt is best to prune the birch in the fall and winter when the sap flow has almost stopped. In the spring just before the leaves emerge, the sap flow is very strong and the tree may bleed when pruning.<br>\nBirch occurs naturally in swamps and other moist soils. Birches are pioneer plants: they quickly occupy open spaces in the forest.<br>\nBirches are not demanding when it comes to soil.<br>\nLike <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/beech\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]The beech is tree with a smooth trunk that can reach a height of over forty meters and four hundred years old. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"entrytxt\" el_class=\"entrytxt\"]Do not confuse with: Common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row content_placement=\"middle\" css=\".vc_custom_1627123481876{padding-top: 0px !important;padding-right: 5px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;padding-left: 5px !important;background-color: #ccffff !important;border-radius: 20px !important;}\" el_id=\"mobile\"][vc_column offset=\"vc_hidden-lg vc_hidden-md vc_hidden-sm\"][vc_column_text css=\".vc_custom_1627123409680{padding:&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">beech<\/a>, birch lives in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/files\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">symbiosis<\/a> with soil fungi. The fly agaric <em>(Amanita muscaria)<\/em>, in particular, is often found on birches.<br>\nBirches do not tolerate pruning well because the birch wood is very soft and rots quickly.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row equal_height=&rdquo;yes&rdquo;][vc_column width=&rdquo;1\/3&Prime;][vc_custom_heading text=&rdquo;Bugs&rdquo; font_container=&rdquo;tag:h4|text_align:center|color:%23ffffff&rdquo; google_fonts=&rdquo;font_family:Lato%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal&rdquo; css=&rdquo;.vc_custom_1532164328547{background-color: #585858 !important;}&rdquo;][vc_column_text el_class=&rdquo;entrytxt&rdquo;]<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3151\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3151\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berkenwants.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3151\" src=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berkenwants-500x332.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berkenwants-500x332.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berkenwants-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berkenwants-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berkenwants.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3151\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/birch-catkin-bug\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]The birch catkin bug belongs to the seed bugs and lives primarily on birch. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"entrytxt\" el_class=\"entrytxt\" css=\".vc_custom_1628164066044{padding-left: 20px !important;}\"]Do not confuse with: Parent bug (Elasmucha grisea)[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=\"35\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"7145\" img_size=\"medium\" add_caption=\"yes\" style=\"vc_box_rounded\" onclick=\"img_link_large\"][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/2\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column_text el_class=\"entrytxt\"]Birch catkin bug (Kleidocerys resedae) belongs to the seed bugs&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">Birch catkin bug<\/a>, photo: Aiwok &ndash; CC BY-SA 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Leaf damage, yellow spots, and holes: birch catkin bug <i>(Kleidocerys resedae)<\/i>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7151\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7151\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gewone-kielwants_eitjes.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7151\" src=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gewone-kielwants_eitjes-500x374.jpg\" alt=\"recognize bugs on birch\" width=\"500\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gewone-kielwants_eitjes-500x374.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gewone-kielwants_eitjes-768x575.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gewone-kielwants_eitjes.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7151\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/parent-bug\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]Parent Bug (Elasmucha grisea) is a shield bug that lives mainly on birch trees. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"entrytxt\" el_class=\"entrytxt\" css=\".vc_custom_1672677648763{padding-left: 20px !important;}\"]Do not confuse with: Spotted Shield Bug (Elasmucha fieberi) Birch Catkin Bug (Kleidocerys resedae)[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=\"35\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"7149\" img_size=\"medium\" add_caption=\"yes\" style=\"vc_box_rounded\" onclick=\"img_link_large\"][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/2\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column_text el_class=\"entrytxt\"]Parent Bug (Elasmucha grisea)&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">Parent bug<\/a> with eggs, photo: Bj.schoenmakers &ndash; CC0 Public Domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Slight damage to leaves and seeds: parent bug <em>(Elasmucha grisea).<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/aphids\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Aphids are small, plant-eating insects; see: overview aphids, aphid, black bean aphid, black cherry aphid, catalpa aphid, cabbage aphid, currant blister aphid, green peach aphid, green apple aphid, holly aphid, Hydrangea scale, Scale insect, mealybug, lettuce-root aphid, woolly beech aphid, cypress aphid.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\" class=\"encyclopedia\">Aphids<\/a> on the leaves: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/lime-tree-aphid\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]The lime tree aphid is a 2 to 3 mm green\/yellow aphid with black spots on the top. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"entrytxt\" el_class=\"entrytxt\" css=\".vc_custom_1543764289010{padding-left: 20px !important;}\"][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=\"35\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"3145\" img_size=\"medium\" add_caption=\"yes\" style=\"vc_box_rounded\" onclick=\"img_link_large\"][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/2\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column_text el_class=\"entrytxt\"]Lime tree aphid (Eucallipterus tiliae). These 2 to 3 mm large green\/yellow aphids&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">Lime tree aphid<\/a> <em>(Eucallipterus tiliae)<\/em>. This <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/aphid_aphidoidea\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]Aphids are small, herbivorous insects. There are green, white, black, yellow, red and purple aphids. A special category are the Scale insects. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=\"35\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"5987\" img_size=\"medium\" add_caption=\"yes\" style=\"vc_box_rounded\" onclick=\"img_link_large\"][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/2\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column_text el_class=\"entrytxt\"]Aphids (Aphidoidea). Small, herbivorous insects up to a maximum of 5 mm. Mainly damage&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">aphid<\/a> secretes <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/honeydew\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]Honeydew - sugar-rich sticky liquid secreted by aphids. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=\"35\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"6657\" img_size=\"medium\" add_caption=\"yes\" style=\"vc_box_rounded\" onclick=\"img_link_large\"][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/2\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column_text el_class=\"entrytxt\"]Honeydew - sugar-rich sticky liquid secreted by aphids. Aphids suck plant sap from leaves; some of these sugars are consumed for energy and the rest is excreted. The&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">honeydew<\/a> on which <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/sooty-mold\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]The many fungi that live on honeydew are all called sooty mold. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=\"35\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"1919\" img_size=\"medium\" add_caption=\"yes\" style=\"vc_box_rounded\" onclick=\"img_link_large\"][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/2\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column_text el_class=\"entrytxt\"]The many fungi that live on honeydew are all called sooty mold, such as Cladosporium and Alternaria that live on honeydew, the excess sugar&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">sooty mold<\/a> forms.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4023\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4023\" style=\"width: 406px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lindebladwesp_op_zomereik.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4023\" src=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lindebladwesp_op_zomereik-406x500.jpg\" alt=\"Snail-like caterpillars, larva of the oak slug sawfly eats mesophyll from leaves\" width=\"406\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lindebladwesp_op_zomereik-406x500.jpg 406w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lindebladwesp_op_zomereik.jpg 541w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 406px) 100vw, 406px\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4023\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Larvae of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/oak-slug-sawfly\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]Oak slug sawfly; this 7 mm wasp is found in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"entrytxt\" el_class=\"entrytxt\" css=\".vc_custom_1558692312157{padding-left: 20px !important;}\"][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=\"35\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"4053\" img_size=\"medium\" add_caption=\"yes\" style=\"vc_box_rounded\" onclick=\"img_link_large\"][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/2\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column_text el_class=\"entrytxt\"]Oak slug sawfly (Caliroa annulipes). This 7 mm wasp belongs to the temperate regions&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">oak slug sawfly<\/a> on an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/oak\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]Oak, deciduous tree growing up to 20&ndash;40m tall. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"entrytxt\" el_class=\"entrytxt\"]Also known as: English oak Pedunculate oak Common oak Not to be confused with: Sessile oak (Quercus petraea)[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row content_placement=\"middle\" css=\".vc_custom_1627123481876{padding-top: 0px !important;padding-right: 5px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;padding-left: 5px !important;background-color: #ccffff !important;border-radius: 20px !important;}\" el_id=\"mobile\"][vc_column offset=\"vc_hidden-lg vc_hidden-md vc_hidden-sm\"][vc_column_text css=\".vc_custom_1627123409680{padding: 0px !important;border: 0px initial&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">oak<\/a> leaf, photo: Rasbak &ndash; CC BY-SA 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>About 1 cm small, dark-tinged, slimy snails eat the mesophyll between the veins of the leaves. This causes the remaining mesophyll to turn brown and the leaves may drop: snail-like caterpillars (larvae of the oak slug sawfly &ndash; <em>Caliroa annulipes<\/em>).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6723\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6723\" style=\"width: 375px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Grote-berkenspintkever_gaatjespatroon.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-6723\" src=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Grote-berkenspintkever_gaatjespatroon-375x500.jpg\" alt=\"recognizing birch sapwood borer feeding tracks\" width=\"375\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Grote-berkenspintkever_gaatjespatroon-375x500.jpg 375w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Grote-berkenspintkever_gaatjespatroon-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Grote-berkenspintkever_gaatjespatroon.jpg 810w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6723\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Row of holes on the trunk of a birch, photo: CC0 Public Domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>On the trunk, a series of holes develop longitudinally: the birch sapwood borer <em>(Scolytus ratzeburgi)<\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&rdquo;1\/3&Prime; css=&rdquo;.vc_custom_1532102781238{background-color: #ffffff !important;}&rdquo;][vc_custom_heading text=&rdquo;Fungi &amp; diseases&rdquo; font_container=&rdquo;tag:h4|text_align:center|color:%23ffffff&rdquo; google_fonts=&rdquo;font_family:Lato%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal&rdquo; css=&rdquo;.vc_custom_1537885449118{background-color: #585858 !important;}&rdquo;][vc_column_text el_class=&rdquo;entrytxt&rdquo;]<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3119\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3119\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heksenbezem.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3119 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heksenbezem-500x375.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heksenbezem-500x375.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heksenbezem-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heksenbezem-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heksenbezem.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3119\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Witch&rsquo;s brooms, photo: MPF &ndash; CC BY 2.5<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A motley collection of outgrown twigs: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/witchs-broom\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"[vc_row][vc_column width=&quot;2\/3&quot;][vc_column_text el_id=&quot;topentry&quot; el_class=&quot;topentry&quot;]Witch's broom is a deformity on a tree branch due to infestation by a fungus. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&quot;1\/3&quot;][vc_column_text el_id=&quot;entrytxt&quot; el_class=&quot;entrytxt&quot; css=&quot;.vc_custom_1676130208210{padding-left: 20px !important;}&quot;]Do not confuse with: Mistletoe[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=&quot;35&quot; css=&quot;.vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}&quot;][vc_column width=&quot;1\/2&quot;][vc_single_image image=&quot;3139&quot; img_size=&quot;medium&quot; add_caption=&quot;yes&quot; style=&quot;vc_box_rounded&quot; onclick=&quot;img_link_large&quot;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&quot;1\/2&quot; css=&quot;.vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}&quot;][vc_column_text el_class=&quot;entrytxt&quot;]Witch's broom is a deformity on a tree branch due to infestation&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">witch&rsquo;s broom<\/a> <em>(Taphrina betulina)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3117\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3117\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berkenzwam.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3117 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berkenzwam-500x375.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berkenzwam-500x375.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berkenzwam-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berkenzwam.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3117\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/birch-polypore\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]The birch polypore is a fungus that grows on birch trees. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"entrytxt\" el_class=\"entrytxt\" css=\".vc_custom_1657729096227{padding-left: 20px !important;}\"]Also known as: Birch bracket Razor strop fungus[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=\"35\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"3135\" img_size=\"medium\" add_caption=\"yes\" style=\"vc_box_rounded\" onclick=\"img_link_large\"][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/2\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column_text el_class=\"entrytxt\"]Birch polypore (Piptoporus betulinus) is a fungus that grows on birches. The fungus&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">Birch polypore<\/a>, photo: Fred Bastemeyer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A 10 to 30 cm large rusty brown or gray fungus on the trunk: birch polypore <i>(Piptoporus betulinus)<\/i>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3155\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3155\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Boomkanker.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3155 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Boomkanker-500x420.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Boomkanker-500x420.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Boomkanker-768x645.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Boomkanker-1024x861.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Boomkanker.jpg 1071w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3155\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/nectria-canker\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]Nectria canker is caused by a fungus that usually invades the tree in autumn through leaf scars and pruning wounds. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"entrytxt\" el_class=\"entrytxt\" css=\".vc_custom_1544016877666{padding-left: 20px !important;}\"]Also known as: Apple canker[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=\"35\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"3157\" img_size=\"medium\" add_caption=\"yes\" style=\"vc_box_rounded\" onclick=\"img_link_large\"][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/2\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column_text el_class=\"entrytxt\"]Nectria canker (Neonectria ditissima) is caused by&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">Nectria canker<\/a>, photo: MarkusHagenlocher &ndash; CC BY-SA 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Wild growth and overgrowth on the trunk: nectria canker <em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/neonectria\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]Neonectria is caused by the same fungus responsible for Nectria canker. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][vc_column_text]The fungus Neonectria ditissima causes: Apple canker - also known as: Nectria canker End rot and rotten spots: Neonectria[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=\"35\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"3187\" img_size=\"medium\" add_caption=\"yes\" style=\"vc_box_rounded\" onclick=\"img_link_large\"][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/2\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column_text el_class=\"entrytxt\"]Neonectria (Neonectria ditissima) is caused by the&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">Neonectria<\/a> ditissima).<\/em><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11701\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11701\" style=\"width: 333px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cryptostroma_corticale.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11701\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cryptostroma_corticale-333x500.jpg\" alt=\"recognize sooty bark disease\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cryptostroma_corticale-333x500.jpg 333w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cryptostroma_corticale-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cryptostroma_corticale.jpg 720w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11701\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/sooty-bark-disease\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]Sooty bark disease, this fungus primarily affects maple trees and occasionally occurs on birch and lime trees. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"entrytxt\" el_class=\"entrytxt\" css=\".vc_custom_1590572965349{padding-left: 20px !important;}\"][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=\"35\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"11699\" img_size=\"medium\" add_caption=\"yes\" style=\"vc_box_rounded\" onclick=\"img_link_large\" img_link_target=\"_blank\"][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/2\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column_text el_class=\"entrytxt\"]Sooty bark disease (Cryptostroma corticale). This fungus primarily affects maple trees and occasionally&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">Sooty bark disease<\/a> on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/maple\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]Maple, a genus of deciduous deciduous trees and shrubs. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row content_placement=\"middle\" css=\".vc_custom_1627123481876{padding-top: 0px !important;padding-right: 5px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;padding-left: 5px !important;background-color: #ccffff !important;border-radius: 20px !important;}\" el_id=\"mobile\"][vc_column offset=\"vc_hidden-lg vc_hidden-md vc_hidden-sm\"][vc_column_text css=\".vc_custom_1627123409680{padding: 0px !important;border: 0px initial !important;}\" el_id=\"mobiel\"] You are viewing the mobile-adapted version of the page. The one for tablets, laptop and desktop&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">maple<\/a>, photo: bjoerns &ndash; CC BY-SA 4.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Dark brown to black spots on the bark, early leaf fall and dried branches in the crown: sooty bark disease <em>(Cryptostroma corticale)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7519\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7519\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Inonotus_obliquus_.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7519 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Inonotus_obliquus_-500x333.jpg\" alt=\"recognize chaga\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Inonotus_obliquus_-500x333.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Inonotus_obliquus_-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Inonotus_obliquus_.jpg 1023w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7519\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/birch-weather-fungus\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]Chaga is a parasite that grows on weakened and damaged birches in the cold regions of Siberia, northern Europe and the northern regions of the United States and Canada. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"entrytxt\" el_class=\"entrytxt\" css=\".vc_custom_1651395895126{padding-left: 20px !important;}\"]Also known as: Clinker polypore[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=\"35\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"7517\" img_size=\"medium\" add_caption=\"yes\" style=\"vc_box_rounded\" onclick=\"img_link_large\"][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/2\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color:&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">Chaga<\/a> on the trunk of a birch tree, photo: Aurelijus Banelis, CC BY-SA 4.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A black, irregular thickening develops on the trunk. Size ranges from 4 to 40 cm in diameter and 10-15 cm in thickness: chaga <em>(Inonotus obliquus)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11715\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11715\" style=\"width: 422px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/phytophthora_berk-.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11715\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/phytophthora_berk--422x500.jpg\" alt=\"recognize Phytophthora on birch\" width=\"422\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/phytophthora_berk--422x500.jpg 422w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/phytophthora_berk-.jpg 540w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11715\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Birch infested by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/phytophthora\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]Phytophthora recognizable by the black spots in on the foliage of potatoes and tomatoes. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"entrytxt\" el_class=\"entrytxt\" css=\".vc_custom_1702811307671{padding-left: 20px !important;}\"]Also known as: Pink rot (potato, carrot) Late Blight (potato, tomato) Phytophthora root rot (rhododendrons, azaleas, rose)[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=\"35\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"1301\" img_size=\"medium\" add_caption=\"yes\" style=\"vc_box_rounded\" onclick=\"img_link_large\"][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/2\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column_text el_class=\"entrytxt\"]Phytophthora&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">Phytophthora<\/a> is bleeding, photo: Arie de Vreugd<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The birch bleeds profusely from a spot infested by <em>Phytophthora<\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&rdquo;1\/3&Prime; css=&rdquo;.vc_custom_1532102799994{background-color: #ffffff !important;}&rdquo;][vc_custom_heading text=&rdquo;Other&rdquo; font_container=&rdquo;tag:h4|text_align:center|color:%23ffffff&rdquo; google_fonts=&rdquo;font_family:Lato%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal&rdquo; css=&rdquo;.vc_custom_1532164377225{background-color: #585858 !important;}&rdquo;][vc_column_text el_id=&rdquo;entrytxt&rdquo; el_class=&rdquo;entrytxt&rdquo;]Birch bleeds profusely after pruning: pruning took place during or just before the leaf emerges. The bleeding is barely stemmed.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3125\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3125\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Vliegenzwam.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3125 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Vliegenzwam-500x313.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Vliegenzwam-500x313.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Vliegenzwam.jpg 720w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3125\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fly agaric, photo: CC0 Public Domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Fly agaric is often found under birches.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6881\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6881\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/boomschuim_.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-6881\" src=\"https:\/\/plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/boomschuim_-500x375.jpg\" alt=\"recognize foam on trunk of trees\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/boomschuim_-500x375.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/boomschuim_-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/boomschuim_.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6881\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Foam on the trunk, photo: Monique Beers<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In early spring, foam appears at the base of the trunk: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/plantenplagen\/tree-foam\/\" target=\"_blank\" title='[vc_row][vc_column width=\"2\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"topentry\" el_class=\"topentry\"]Tree foam, in early spring, damage in the bark was caused by night frost. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/3\"][vc_column_text el_id=\"entrytxt\" el_class=\"entrytxt\" css=\".vc_custom_1622105259523{padding-left: 20px !important;}\"]Do not confuse with: Hair ice[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=\"35\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162142715{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"6891\" img_size=\"medium\" add_caption=\"yes\" style=\"vc_box_rounded\" onclick=\"img_link_large\"][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\"1\/2\" css=\".vc_custom_1532162092980{background-color: #e6e6e6 !important;}\"][vc_column_text el_class=\"entrytxt\"]Tree foam In early spring, night frosts caused damage in the bark.&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">tree foam<\/a>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":14,"template":"","categories":[],"tags":[],"encyclopedia-category":[667],"encyclopedia-tag":[],"class_list":["post-11129","encyclopedia","type-encyclopedia","status-publish","hentry","encyclopedia-category-ornamental-garden"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/encyclopedia\/11129","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/encyclopedia"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/encyclopedia"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11129"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11129"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11129"},{"taxonomy":"encyclopedia-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/encyclopedia-category?post=11129"},{"taxonomy":"encyclopedia-tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.plantenplagen.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/encyclopedia-tag?post=11129"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}